The House On Mango Street And The Things They Carried

What’s the difference between a young Hispanic girl and a soldier in the Vietnam War? It sounds like a bad joke with an even worse punchline, but though there may be many true answers to this question, there are more similarities than one might imagine. These similarities can be observed in Sandra Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street and Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried and their main characters, Esperanza and O’Brien, respectively. Both novels divided into non-chronological stories, both involve characters who feel stuck in their situations, and both realize the importance of returning for the people they left behind. At their most basic levels, The House on Mango Street and The Things They Carried are both broken down into stories, which, although some reference events and characters in other stories, do not follow a definite chronological order. The title story in The Things They Carried, for instance, places its characters in the Vietnam war , but in no specific year of the war, or place in Vietnam. The next story, â€Å"Love,† begins with the words â€Å"Many years after the war† (O’Brien 26), placing it definitely outside of Vietnam—in O’Brien’s home in Massachusetts, in fact. The next story, â€Å"Spin,† however, goes back to the men of Alpha Company together in Vietnam. O’Brien even makes it easy to guess that the focus is back on Vietnam, as the first sentence of this story is â€Å"The war wasn’t all terror and violence† (O’Brien 30). The stories in The House on MangoShow MoreRelatedSince Its Publication In 1984, The House On Mango Street1551 Words   |  7 PagesSince its publication in 1984, The House on Mango Street grows in popularity within inner-city grade schools to universities across the country -- it is a coming of age tale for a Mexican-American girl named Esperanza Cordero living in a fictional poor neighborhood in Chicago c alled Mango Street. Though it is called a novel, Cisneros creates The House on Mango Street with forty-four vignettes that thoughtfully depicts Chicano culture and what are the roles of women in this society; as EsperanzaRead MoreAnalysis Of The House On Mango Street1068 Words   |  5 Pagesbehind. For the ones who cannot out.†(110). The House on Mango Street, written by Sandra Cisneros, is a novella which explains the situation of women’s independence in the earlier days through the life of Esperanza, the protagonist of the story. This book is in the form of a bildungsroman, which is explained in vignettes, so the story becomes more interesting as each vignette changes to a different part of Esperanza’s life. Esperanza lives on Mango Street with her family and cousins. She and her familyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Red Balloon 1296 Words   |  6 PagesEsperanza matures significantly after she moves with her family to Mango Street, which is an improvement from t he previous houses she has lived in. However, it is not the home, she dreamed of. When Esperanza first moves to Mango Street she has child like thoughts. She is insecure and ignorant to the life and people around her. In the beginning she makes the comparison of a â€Å"red balloon tied to an anchor.† Due to her not having friends with whom she can share her secrets with and understand her jokesRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1087 Words   |  5 PagesRiaz Salehi The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, portrays the life of a teenage girl named Esperanza living on Mango Street. Though Esperanza lives in a diverse city, pre-existing stereotypes are affecting how others(women?) are perceived and treated. Esperanza starts to see how to change her community and the negative view of herself by taking the wrong actions of other women and connecting them to her own life experiences. To begin with, Esperanza always saw this great distinctionRead MoreThe House on Mango Street Reflection Paper1408 Words   |  6 Pagesand even though the house on Mango Street was not the house of their dreams, it was a great achievement to own it. Although Esperanza knew they were not moving anytime soon, she recognized one advantage; her family was free of landlord management. In my community home ownership is a constant battle and for many simply a dream. I learn the value of home ownership in a similar sequence as Esperanza. My little sister and I were moved to and from apartment to family member’s houses until our first smallRead MoreSeparate Worlds Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesBoys and girls live in separate worlds is a statement made by Esperanza, a girl in The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, who is learning that women and men have different expectations placed on them by society (Cisneros 8). Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody and The House on Ma ngo Street are both novels that relate to Anne and Esperanza, two young women realizing the gender prescriptions that society has established for them and the struggle against those roles. Both EsperanzaRead MoreThe House On Mango Street1201 Words   |  5 Pagesthe baby is a girl or boy depends on their chromosomes. The difference is that girls chromosomes are 46XX and boys are 46XY. This does not give boys any more authority in society than women, yet many women still feel inferior to men. In The House on Mango Street, Cisneros when writing, creates a separation between men and women in society. She focuses on how the men feel as though they have more authority over women. Cisneros takes each woman and makes each one of them them weak. By doing this, CisnerosRead MoreCeecee Case Study Analysis9518 Words   |  39 Pagesquality Technological Environment * Taking advantage of online shopping * Keeping up to date with technological trends * Threats which technology could pose (security) Natural / Physical Environment * resources to setup their shops in high street areas as new shopping centres are being built * level of infrastructure in the country of operation Demographic Environment * Older people are living longer and CeeCee isn’t considering targeting these groups * Religious issue as people inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Summer Break Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pagesback in time recollecting the street names and the maturing faces of his classmates. He surveyed the houses along the streets washed-out over the years. Its galvanized roofing, lashed by successive typhoons, rusted and bent. None of these houses underwent any facelift. Upon arriving, he stepped out from the calesa and navigated the potholes. His family had moved to a house bigger than the one they used to live across the street. The shimmering leaves of the mango tree foreshadowed a hot, humidRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Summer Break Essay2281 Words   |  10 PagesWhile he recollected the street names and faces of his classmates, images of speeding cars in Manila juxtaposed before the trotting enervated horse. He surveyed the houses along the streets washed-out over the years. Galvanized roofing, lashed by successive typhoons, rusted and bent. None of these houses underwent any facelift. Upon arriving, he stepped out of the calesa and navigated the potholes. His family had moved to a bigger house than the one across the street. The mango tree he used to climb

Action Sports and Television Essay - 1348 Words

Action Sports and Television Actions sports have always been interesting to me. The way the athletes perform their tricks, how judges score them, and how the camera operators keep up with such a fast paced competition. The more I thought of my interest in this subject, the more I wanted to know. The growth of action sports on television follows the same pattern of any other type of show genre in its early stages. Documentaries, themed shows or movies, and especially the coverage on live television would be good places to start looking into. The impact on cable television and sports channels could further delve into other questions that comes to mind, like how the public viewed them. When did corporate sponsorships begin to move the†¦show more content†¦An example being, as skis were manufactured lighter yet still retaining their durability, people began to push their limitations based on the limitations of the equipment. Many people give credit to people considered â€Å"pi oneers† of action sports. Rodney Mullen, Tony Hawk, Matt Hoffman, Travis Pastrana are just a few heavyweight title holders for defining what extreme sports are as well as helping to stimulate their popularity in the public eye. Television coverage of competitions has brought extreme sports and their participants more attention as well. The X Games and the Olympics are only two of many examples. Sponsorships play a huge role in any television programming. When shows of early television aired, they had live performances of a company’s jingle (â€Å"Vitameatavegamin† episode of I Love Lucy) and even demonstrations of exactly what it was supposed to do for the average american viewer. Cigarette ads were one of the most common, like before one the episodes of I Love Lucy we watched in class where the stick figure versions of Lucy and Desi were standing next to a large box of cigarettes and smoking one themselves. 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Easyjet the Future of the Company Under Government Intervention Free Essays

easyJet: The future of the company under government intervention. Introduction Since the inception of the aviation industry, it has had an amazing expansion with passenger growth still at 14% as recent as 2010 [The Economist, 2011]. For the years the aviation industry has been running, each flight causes a negative externality – a root cause of market failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Easyjet: the Future of the Company Under Government Intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now To solve this problem of market failure, governments have intervened by introducing a number of regulations over the year, to protect the welfare of society. However, the externality the aviation industry causes cannot be solved so simply. Pollution of CO2 and NOx gasses are the negative externalities caused by each flight, and with daily flights the damage is forever raising. To overcome this market failure in the aviation industry, the European Union Trading Scheme will be introduced from 2012. The government will intervene by placing a cap on the amount of gasses firms are allowed to release through their flights. The theory of the plan suggests that emissions will reduce over time and will push airlines to find alternative resources. What’s The Problem? Market failure is the term that economists use to describe situations where one person incurs costs or enjoys the benefits of another’s action [Shiell, A, 2010]. There are four main reasons as to why market failure occurs: Monopoly power, Public goods (see Appendix A), Asymmetric information (see Appendix B) and Externalities. Within the airline industry, the latter comes into play. Market failure caused by externalities occurs when a party that is not involved in the decision making (third party) is affected as a result of that decision. There is a negative spill over effect and this causes markets to become inefficient and therefore fail. Externalities are effects of production or consumption on third parties where the price does not cover the full social cost. They are classed as positive (see Appendix C) or negative (see Appendix D) [Helbling, T, 2010]. It is deemed that the externalities of the airline industry have more adverse effects in the form of pollution, which may lead to a decreased quality of life. This problem has been further emphasized in the wake of the constant concerns of global warming in the media. There is also the issue of other externalities such as noise pollution (see Appendix E), congestion (see Appendix E), and the forgone production in terms of a polluted area (where an airport is located) is likely to affect activities such as tourism. Negative externality caused by market failure occurs due to the market not taking into consideration the complete social cost of an action. As firms are profit maximising entities as described by neo classical economics, they will produce a greater quantity of products compared to what is socially desirable. Taking an example of the aviation industry, the social costs of the airliner carrying out more flights is an increase in pollution and the release of other toxic gasses. Equilibrium Quantity 0 Price QMARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social cost QOPTIMUM Optimum Cost of pollution As seen by the diagram, the social optimal output level is where the demand curve intersects with the social cost curve. But this is not the case as the current equilibrium is below the optimum one, as private firms only take into account private costs, creating inefficiency and hence market failure. Graph Adopted from: Harcourt Brace ; Company. 2011). Externalities, Chapter 10. p16. There are a number of policies that can be put into the place in order to combat market failure. They may be private such as negation and compensation, or they may be implemented by government. Through direct or indirect measures such as command and control policies or market based policies such as Pigouvian ta xes. (Appendix F). The government had meticulously assessed the aviation market and concluded that there was a noteworthy negative externality in the industry. This externality caused by air travel became the government’s main concern of the industry. They discussed this at the Kyoto Protocol (see Appendix G) and decided to use command and control policies to regulate the industry in order to tackle the problem. There were three mechanisms that came about from the protocol and the third mechanism was deemed most important to the aviation industry; the European Union Trading Scheme (EU ETS). This scheme aimed to be the primary method to reduce emissions. The idea of the EU ETS revolves around the introduction of the carbon market and the cap-and-trade system. This system was introduced in 2005 and commenced an initial trial period to create the markets infrastructure. During the trial period 12,000 facilities within the EU had been placed with an emissions cap, they were not allowed to pollute more than the cap stated but they were allowed to trade these permits if in surplus. The tradable characteristic of these caps gave firms the opportunity to create abnormal profit by selling them onto other firms that need the extra emission permit. [A. Denny Ellerman and Paul L. Joskow, 2008] The topic of much debate has been as to whether governments should have intervened in the industry. It is proven that the air industry only produces 2% of the total greenhouse gasses in the E. U. Therefore, it is hard to pinpoint why governments have targeted the industry in the EU ETS. The EU have stated the main reason for this was to reduce emissions, but, there is evidence in other industries that shows an increase in taxes will not have an effect on pollution. It is important for easyJet to read Appendix H, as it will show that governments might change their approach if their current choice proves ineffective. This will help easyJet know what might be expected of the industry in the future and may also give the firm a case to argue of the current pollution cap which may be deemed unfair by private companies. The Outlook for easyJet The main carriers in the UK are easyJet, Ryan air, flybe and bmibaby. They offer lower prices due to a number of characteristics such as direct booking, high seating density, uniform aircraft types (less economies of scale on servicing and maintenance), the use of secondary or cheaper airports and no frills such as free food and air miles (see Appendix I for further information). The main selling point of easyJet is its low prices. With the new regulations being implemented by 2012 (see Appendix J), expenditure will be sure to go up but this will not only affect the individual company, but the air industry a whole. These systems set up by the Kyoto protocol will cause drastic changes to the budget airline industry. The various firms will have to rethink their cost structure and their business plans. easyJet will need to assess what changes it will have to make and how this would affect them against their competitors. In order to assess the market place, and how easyJet will be affected, Porter’s five forces model needs to be examined. It consists of substitutes available in an economy, the threat of new entrants, the power of the customer, the power of the supplier and the threat from direct competitors. Porter, 2008) The first main threat arising due to higher costs is that of substitute products. The firm will need to analyse its costs compared to alternative means of transport like trains. Currently, short haul distances are cheaper via train but for a long haul journey it is cheaper to use budget airlines, as seen by the diagram to the left. But, this is about to change with new regu lations to reduce CO2 emissions, increasing expenditure for budget airlines. Also, trains are becoming cheaper as they are electric and switching to a full online booking service. The main limitation with people switching to trains is the time constraint. Although the gap in price for long haul flights will reduce, it is hard to see customers moving to trains for these longer distances and the fact that most trains are not direct further makes it eluding for customers to keep use trains. This raises the question, if prices increase, won’t people move to more luxurious airliners such as British Airways and Virgin? This is not the case as the non budget airlines in the industry are all currently performing inefficiently when compared to the budget airlines, and it is this characteristic that will be their downfall. With costs rising due to increasing oil prices (see Appendix K) and the expenses of implementing new technology, budget airlines will still prosper. They are available to provide such a low price and their competitors like B. A will be forced to drop their price and make up the profits elsewhere, if possible. Non budget airlines are beginning to correct their inefficiency and are diversifying to stay alive in the industry but with the finite amount of oil, the budget airlines currently have an upper hand. Dr Patrick Dixon, 2008] The suppliers, in this case, the manufactures of the planes play an essential role, now more than ever, as it is up to them to figure out ways to make planes more efficient. The various firms have taken different approaches on how to deal with government intervention and environmental issues. Airbus advertised their aircraft, the A380, as being ‘more fuel efficient per passenger kilometre than a small family car’ [Emirates, 2011]. A list of furth er features of how the A380 and Emirates are driving towards fewer emissions is available in Appendix L. asyJet have also developed their technology to combat the problem by creating an unducted fan-driven aircraft that its officials believe is the next best thing in fuel efficiency [Commercial Aviation Report, 2007]. To be able to reduce CO2 emissions in the aviation industry there has to be a full focus on ways to reduce them, such as investment in new technology so planes can use alternative fuels (Appendix M) or become more efficient. This creates a trade-off where other problems caused by the aviation industry, noise pollution and the amount of NOx in the environment, will have less focus on them due to the efforts on the CO2 emissions. The suppliers of aircrafts, such as Boeing and Airbus, need to account for this. With the new regulations in place, the main threat is still easyJet’s direct competitors. The current growth in the airline industry is stagnant and will reduce in the coming years as evidenced by Appendix N and this means the firm will need to think of new, more shrewd strategies in order to survive in the market place and a list of recommendations have been listed below. The fight between competitors will now be fiercer than ever, especially between the big two of the low cost airline industry; Ryan air and easyJet. The budget airlines structure is much the same between these firms and it is important for easyJet to use a competitive strategy. Although with these new regulations, new firms will be reluctant to venture into the industry but if incumbent firms are inefficient, new airliners will come into the industry. Recommendations As the new regulations come into place, drastic changes will be made in the air industry. With pledges to reduce carbon emissions and switch to bio fuels, easyJet will have to adjust and remodel its framework. The question on how to reduce emissions is at the top of any firm’s agenda and what method it will use to tackle this problem will be crucial. The general aim is to reduce emissions via newer planes which are seen as greener and thus have a lower carbon footprint. easyJet’s biggest competitor, Ryan air, struck deals with certain airports to reduce costs for them in order for the plane carrier to bring economic benefits to the area. But this plan has backfired as the various airports are finding the deal not viable and these deals are currently being looked in to by the European Commission. When easyJet looks at a way to keep costs low, they should not follow this system as it is deemed illegal and unethical by many but instead should investigate alternative methods. In order for easyJet to set its self apart, it will need to concentrate on competitive strategies such as cost focus or differentiation focus. [Porter, 1980] With cost focus, a firm aims to achieve the lowest costs in the industry. Does the firm then invest in latest technology? This action will be capital intensive in the short run but will help in the long run. Do they concentrate on the short run and keep shareholders happy by simply purchasing excess pollution permits? With budget airlines, the factor above all others is the price. Passengers are not concerned with the pollution emitted; as long as prices remain low. Consumers are happy to pay the minimal price, and if they weren’t, they would be travelling on a more luxurious plane such as BA or Emirates. easyJet’s current stance is to constantly upgrade to new technology as they believe this will increase efficiencies but it is advisable for them to just buy new permits to keep costs low, and to invest in new planes only when need arises. Advertising plays a huge role in the modern world. We see adverts everywhere and corporations pay millions to place their name and logo on various places. What if the airliner sold advertising space in the actual planes? Costs could be considerably reduced if there were advertising opportunities on the flight whether it is on the reading material or on the screens in front of the passenger. The idea of placing adverts to ease costs comes from Freeconomics developed by Chris Anderson. These savings could be passed onto the passenger through lower ticket prices, or simply kept by the company and used for purposes such as growth. Differentiation focus is where a firm sets itself apart from the competition by doing something different. There is currently a gap in the market for mid airliners, in terms of those that are between the range of the premium and budget airlines. The firm can exploit this and step up its efforts to excel in the market. With this the firm can charge a higher price which will offset the higher costs but in return give the consumers services that add value to the product such as car rentals, free food, and higher luggage weight capacity. Also increased customer service will be beneficial if they decide to bump the prices up. There is alot of talk for the use of alternative fuels such as bio fuels and hydrogen, but the advisors point out that it is still not yet a viable option for the firm. As airlines do not manufacturer their own planes, they are reliant on the manufactures like Airbus and Boeing to incorporate planes with these new technologies and at the same time making it commercially viable. These planes will then be available throughout the industry pushing the market more towards a perfect one with homogenous products. But this again ties in with the long-term short-term plan and if the firm are reluctant to invest, they will keep using existing aviation fuels. If other airliners change, then the price of aviation fuel will reduce as the demand will be lower. From the advisors point of view, it will be more profitable to stay in the current segment due to factors such as the global economy being stagnated. In order to remain competitive and increase market share, costs need to be kept to a minimum and this will be achieved by the combination of buying excess permits and advertising. These new regulations will not only be faced by the firm in question but will be faced through the industry as a whole. The way in which the individual airliners react will show whether or not it will survive in this tightening industry. Appendix Appendix A Monopolies – It is easy to see why there is market failure when there are monopolies in the industry and it is because as they have a negatively sloping demand curve, they will tend to maximise profits by ensuring outputs remain at a level where marginal costs are exceeded by price. Public Goods – With public goods, market failure arises as the firm usually has no-rivals and it is not excludable meaning any losses are reimbursed from public tax money. Appendix B Market failure due to asymmetric information occurs when one party of a transaction has more information than the other group. One market where this occurs is in the used car market where there is the lemons problem. Adverse selection happens before the transaction as only high-risk consumers will want to buy insurance. Moral hazard occurs after the transaction as once you have insurance, you are likely to act in a more risky way. An example of this is that airliners are likely to operate in risky conditions such as those of the Icelandic ash cloud as they know if the plane gets damaged, the insurance company pays. Quantity 0 Price QOPTIMUM Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social cost QMARKET Value of spillover Equilibrium Optimum Appendix C Positive externalities occur when those individuals who are not directly in the market for the good in question gain benefits. Positive externalities may also have an adverse affect on markets and thus could lead to market failure as a smaller quantity than that which is socially desirable is produced. As seen in the diagram, the intersection of the demand curve and the social value curve determines the optimal output level. The efficient output is below the market equilibrium quantity. The aviation industry may bring about positive externalities such as employment opportunities and R;D; this has positive effects pasts the producer as the knowledge gained in this process may lead to other discoveries and developments. Appendix D Negative externalities transpire when there is a cost to an individual who is not directly involved in the production or consumption of a particular good e. . cigarettes. Equilibrium Quantity 0 Price QMARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social cost Cost of pollution If there are negative externalities, the cost of production to society is larger than that to the producer. The supply curve will have to be shifted upwards in order to accommodate for the full cost of production to the society. Appendix E Noise pollution has been a growing conce rn ever since the aviation industry was set to grow at an exponential rate. It is the local residents that are in the vicinity of the airport who are mainly affected by this. There has been research to suggest that the noise caused by aircrafts is damaging to humans, there is a full list published by the World Health Organisation stating the effects of noise in Appendix G. As well as being a general annoyance noise damages health, it detracts significantly from the quality of life, it stops local residents enjoying their gardens or simply enjoying peace and quiet, it damages wildlife, it damages the learning ability of schoolchildren and it costs a great deal of money through the costs of noise mitigation and noise abatement. John Whitelegg, 2000]. The World Health Organisation(2010) states that noise has a number of adverse effects which include, hearing impairment, cardiovascular effects and pschedocrine effects. To add more to local resident woes, airports generate an amazing amount of congestion on the roads. It is a hotspot for taxi’s, buses and trains. All of these add to the general emissions we as a human race pollute. Appendix F To combat externalities there may be a number of private solutions available, one in particular is in the form of negotiation and compensation. This would mean the people producing the negative externality reimburse the third parties, other producing positive externalities are compensated by the third parties. Others may be social sanctions and moral codes. Private solutions do not always work and in the case of this occurrence, public solutions need to be taken into account to solve the problem in the form of direct or indirect government’s participation in markets. Figure Adopted from: Office of Fair Trading. (2009). Government In Markets: why competition matters. 14. The two main reasons as to why governments directly intervene in markets are to provide public goods and services that free markets would be unlikely to provide at an appropriate level and to benefit from the commercial value of public sector assets (Office of Fair Trading, 2009). Command and control policies are the regulations set by government and include forbidding certain behaviours like disallowing smoking on the plane, and it could also make cer tain behaviour necessary such as investing in low emission technology. This method of intervention is usually used in the aviation industry. Governments intervene indirectly where there are private markets that produce side-effects that have an impact on social welfare. They include certain acts like the use of tax or subsidies to combat market failure. Price Effects of a Tax Quantity Private cost with tax Private cost Private value Social Value P2 P3 Q2 Q1 Q3 Q1 = Market Value Q2 ; P2 = Full Social Cost In the aviation industry, certain market based policies are in the pipeline and may come to affect in the form of Pigouvian taxes such as fuel tax. As can be seen, the fuel tax could increase the price of an airline trip to P3 which might make consumers feel a lesser need to travel and demand would move to Q3. With this tax on fuel and the current increase in fuel prices due to the unrest in the Middle East, people would find it cheaper to use others means of transport such as trains and ferries and could this be the demise of budget airlines. Appendix G The Kyoto Protocol was a meeting within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. It was in this meeting that 37 industrialized countries agreed to band together to reduce global emissions. From this meeting three mechanisms came about on how to reduce emissions, the first being the clean development mechanism in which members of the original 37 countries to invest in developing countries, for example installing solar panels and energy efficient boilers. The second mechanism to reduce emissions is the joint implementation mechanism; this is when the original members invest in each other’s country where it is easier cut costs [UNFCCC. int, 2011]. Appendix H In regards to the environment, government intervention could have been avoided as no one owns the property right to things such as air. Public goods are free goods available to everyone and include clean air, clean water, and biodiversity; these are mainly non excludable and non rival goods. These public goods have no property rights and thus the business and household sectors do not put enough emphasis on these goods and they often face a collective action problem. So if no one owns these, why should an airliner have to pay for pollution costs as they cannot be technically accountable to anyone? As there is no single owner of the air that is being polluted airlines could argue that it is not their responsibility and so why should they be forced the pay the full social cost. The problem of corporate social responsibility then arises; this would argue the blame for the pollution lies with the airlines as they provide a chunk of air pollution. After undertaking a wide-ranging consultation of stakeholders and the public and analysing several types of market-based solutions, the Commission concluded that bringing aviation into the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) would be the most cost-efficient and environmentally effective option for controlling aviation emissions. [European Commission Climate Action, 2011] Any form of taxation will not work as these measures have failed to work in the reduction of emissions. One example is the car industry where despite the heavy taxes; the number of car owners across Europe continues to increase. Taxation on air transport will not have any effect on the emitence of greenhouse effects but will instead have an adverse effect on the growth within the European area. Also governments putting emphasis on the aviation industry which produces less than 2% of EU emissions means that the main reason for intervention is not an environmental factor. It is unclear as to the reason why air transport is a priority in the ETS instead of larger green house gas producing industry. The impact is so small that if household heating had to improve by 15%, it would cancel out the effect of the aviation industry. Ethically, government intervention was the right way forward as leaving it to the private companies would not have proved effective as their aim is to keep private costs to a minimum. Market failure is bad for your health but social injustice is worse. [Oxford Journals. 32 (1), p12-13]. It is easyJet’s duty to abide by any government law. A number of recommendations have been put below as to how the company can best prosper with these new conventions. Appendix I Low Cost Characteristics – Low cost airliners offer a pricing strategy on a first come first serve basis and this means at the passengers who book earlier pay less. Smith, (No Date) Passenger service costs are lower because there is no free food. Sales and reservation and commission cost lower because virtually everything is done online. The number of staff on board an aircraft is reduced as they are not needed due to not serving food. Smith, (No Date) Appendix J Currently the aviation industry is not included in any of the 12,000 facilities that are included in the trading scheme. However, from the start of 2012 there will be a cap on the CO2 emissions from all international flights that arrive or depart from any EU airport. Airlines will receive the same permits and caps that the previous 12,000 facilities received. These firms will then enter the carbon market where they can buy or sell permits, whichever maybe the case. If the company finds itself with an excess amount of permits they can choose to put them into the market or to simply keep them to cover future emissions. If the airline is in need of more permits they will need to enter the market and purchase the number of permits they require. The firm should also consider investing in alternative technology that will reduce their emissions efficiently. They can also earn emission credits by taking part in the clean development mechanism. [European Commission Climate Action, 2011] The aviation industry has begun to explore new fuels e. g. Bio-fuels. It is out of necessity that new fuels are being researched as these are considers more greener compared to oil. There is currently research into using algae as a bio fuel and into other techniques to make aircrafts more environmentally friendly. Some improvements have already been made through the industry – reduced fuel consumption and passenger-friendly cabins [Commercial Aviation Report, 2007]. Appendix K Oil has always been a finite resource; it was always known it will run out at one time or another. As we approach this time the cost of oil and fuel for the aviation industry will increase as oil becomes rarer. In this time it will be budget airlines that prevail and will continue to operate irrelevant of oil prices. It is their fundamental principle that will pull them through the rising oil prices, to deliver the basic minimum a consumer needs and to charge extra for add-ons. Budget airlines have a way of finding ways to cut costs in non essential places, they will continue this practise and will eventually gain the competitive advantage over others in the industry. For those companies who exceed their permit limit will have to pay a fine, to give up or purchase extra permits to cover their emissions. [John Walker and Amrit MacIntyre, 2008] Appendix L * The Emirates A380 burns up to 20% less fuel per seat than other large aircraft * This is the most significant advancement in reducing fuel burn and emissions in four decades. Low fuel burn means lower C02 emissions. The A380 produces less than 75g of C02 per passenger kilometre, almost half of the European target for cars manufactured in 2008. * Emirates A380s will progressively feature digital inflight magazines, entertainment guides and shopping catalogues, saving 2kg per seat or almost one tonne per aircraft. * Emirates A380s, which offers more space per passenger in all classes, will also meet ICAOâ₠¬â„¢s gaseous emissions standards by a substantial margin. * We will comfortably meet current Stage Three and proposed Stage Four noise level standards. Our new Emirates A380 maintenance facilities in Dubai are state of the art, efficient buildings. * A380s feature lightweight materials that account for 25% of its structure. * Our emissions components – such as NOx – will be well under the regulated ‘cap four’ rule * Emirates is working with Airbus to further reduce weight of our future A380s. * Larger aircraft mean less take-off and landings (in passenger terms, some Emirates A380 versions would be the equivalent of flying up to seven smaller aircraft types). Emirates average fleet age is less than half that of many European airlines, meaning newer technology and efficiency breakthroughs characterise our aircraft. Appendix M The aviation industry has begun to explore new fuels e. g. Bio-fuels. It is out of necessity that new fuels are being researched as oil is a limited resource. There is currently research into using algae as a bio fuel and into other techniques to make aircrafts more environmentally friendly. Some improvements have already been made through the industry – reduced fuel consumption and passenger-friendly cabins [Commercial Aviation Report, 2007]. Appendix N Graph Adopted from: The Economist. (2011). Budget airlines: In the Cheap Seats. With traffic expected to slow, low-cost air carriers are getting fancy, p1. The graphical illustration shows the number of passengers carried by budget airlines are growing but its set to decline from 14% in 2009 – 2010 to 6% by 2013 [The Economist, 2011]. With fewer consumers entering the market, companies have to think of other ways to make money from existing customers. easyJet have approached this by increasing frequency on their routes and using more primary airports. Customer satisfaction will now become an even greater part of the aviation industry with features such as priority boarding and loyalty schemes, also the trivia of losing luggage should become a thing of past. â€Å"The low-cost carrier market used to be about fast growth and uncomplicated strategies,† says Keith McMullan, of Aviation Economics, a consultancy. â€Å"Now it is about slow growth and complicated strategies. † [The Economist, 2011] Reference List 1. [Dr Dixon, P. (2008) , Future of budget airlines, {Online Video] Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=BVTxPbr_UAc. Last accesses 18/03/2011. 2. Economist. 2011). Budget airlines: In the cheap seats. Available: http://www. economist. com/node/18010533? story_id=18010533. Last accessed 03/03. 2011. 3. Elbling, T. (2010). What are Externalities?. Finance and Development. 47 (4), p2. 4. Ellerman, D and Joskow, P. (2008). The European Union’s Trading Scheme in Perspective, p1-3. 5. Emirates. (2011). Em irates greener, cleaner, quieter A380s take to the skies. Available: http://www. theemiratesgroup. com/english/our-vision-values/emirates-a380. aspx. Last accessed 10/03/2011. 6. European Commission Climate Action. (2011). Reducing emissions from the aviation sector. p1. 7. Graph Adopted from: Harcourt Brace ; Company. (2011). Externalities, Chapter 10. Available: http://www. westga. edu/~dboldt/ECON2105/CHAP10. PPT p16. 8. Hamilton, S. (2007). Airline industry grapples with increasing environmental concern. Available: http://www. leeham. net/filelib/091007CAR. pdf. Last accessed 20/03/2011. 9. Hamilton, S. (2007). Airline industry grapples with increasing environmental concern. Available: http://www. leeham. net/filelib/091007CAR. pdf. Last accessed 20/03/2011. 10. Office of Fair Trading . (2009). Government In Markets : why competition How to cite Easyjet: the Future of the Company Under Government Intervention, Papers

How the Tsar survived 1906-1914 free essay sample

â€Å"The survival of the tsar regime in Russia between 1906 and 1914 was due to the weaknesses of its opponents† How far would you agree this verdict? I agree to a certain extent as I believe that there are many other factors which helped the tsar survive 1906-1914. Russia in 1905 was a nightmare; it was a bubbling pot that the tsar was trying to control which just wasn’t working. Some historians feel that the tsar survived the 1905 revolution because he didn’t face united opposition so it wasn’t really a revolution also with the help of Stolypin he was able to make timely concessions to appease the groups angry towards the tsars rule and those whom he could appease he suppressed. Like the statement states the weakness of the opposition towards the tsar really impacted the fact he survived. In 1905 the only thing uniting all the groups against the Tsar was the Russo Japanese war so the Tsar ended the war so it broke the common denominator. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Tsar survived 1906-1914 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So this meant in 1906 every group had a different agenda. The alienated intelligentsia wanted a say in Russia, the revolutionaries didn’t work together, socialist wanted removal of the tsar and the liberals wanted to share power with the tsar, because of this in 1906 the only revolutionary against the tsar at this time was Trotsky. The proletariat wanted better working conditions and pay and the peasant wanted rid of mortgage repayments, food and more land. Therefore opposition was not united making it easier for the tsar to appease them. As the tsar couldn’t appease the revolutionaries he needed another way to stop them and the only way was the suppress them. So he needed to get the army back from Japan, this allowed the remaining opposition to be crushed by violence as the Tsar had no intention to offer any significant reforms that would appease revolutionary groups, especially the only thing that would satisfy them was a revolution. So to get the army back he increased their wages, and paid them what they were owed for the war this brought them back to Russia as they new they would have money, therefore tsar had the loyalty of the army which made him and Russia stronger. Witte, the new Chief Minister, advised Nicholas II to make concessions so he  gained the loyalty of the alienated intelligentsia and the bourgeoisie. He eventually agreed and published the October Manifesto. This granted freedom of conscience, speech, meeting and association. He also promised that in future people would not be imprisoned without trial. Finally he announced that no law would become operative without the approval of the State Duma which is what the alienated intelligentsia wanted most, a government. However the October manifesto also meant the liberals split as the party disagreed on how far the reform changed Russia. Stolypin became a minister of tsar in April of 1906. He believed that the tsar should reform and then repress and this is what he did. Russia at this time was going through a rural crisis. Stolypin thought that the tsar should reform the land to appease the peasantry and proletariat as the majority of the Russian population was peasants. So under the advice of Stolypin the tsar made more timely concession, the first of these was that he de-revolutionised the peasantry by cancelling the mortgages payments which meant farmers would begin to farm more efficiently meaning more food would be brought into the cities so it would therefore help solve starvation in Russia. This meant the peasants had more loyalty towards the tsar because they didn’t have mortgage repayments to worry over. Next Stolypin decided to â€Å"wager on the strong† this was to restore the peasant’s sense of security. He intended to create a layer of prosperous and productive peasants whom would become inspirations for the other peasants and would support the tsar. Also in 1906 the hate land captains were abolished and the peasant passport system was ended so peasant could now move around freely like any other Russian. Stolypin also got rid of strip farming and replaced it with fences which meant each farmer had their own land and this made farming more efficient. A special and bank was also setup under the advice of Stolypin it was set up to provide funds for independent peasants to buy their own land. In addition to these land reforms Stolypin introduced other progressive pieces of legislations. He gave people in rural areas more freedom to select who would represent them in land assemblies. Meanwhile health insurance act 1907 was set up to improve conditions for Russians industrial workers. Stolypin necktie also helped the tsar survive because it created fear amongst the cities `because if you turned on the tsar you were hung. â€Å"Stolypin necktie† became famous as a national fear. In conclusion I think the tsar survived1906-14 for multiple reasons however I feel Stolypin and the army were the most vital for the survival of the tsar because without Stolypin the majority of Russia would be against the tsar i.e. the peasants. Also I feel that the army was extremely important because they suppressed any opposition the tsar couldn’t appease which wouldn’t have be possible without the army.